
Arirang (Korean: 아리랑) is a line of North Korean Android smartphones. They were announced on 10 August 2013. The phone was distributed to local sales points operated by mobile operators such as Koryolink to be sold together with 3G SIM cards or as a stand-alone device. It is named after the "Arirang" Korean. . In 2013, toured a factory called the "May 11 Factory" that makes the "Arirang" . In the August of same year, first Arirang was released and was claimed to the first domestically produced smartphone. . • • • [pdf]
North Korea's government only allows its citizens to use smartphones it created to monitor and control them. While we can't get hold of them here, there's plenty of information available that gives us a fascinating look into the world of North Korean smartphones. Smartphones were introduced to North Korea in 2002, then banned from 2004 to 2008.
The new report catalogs 55 smartphones that have been sold in North Korea, with specifications and other information where available. View and download a copy of the full report at Lumen. In this new report, Martyn Williams examines smartphones, the smartphone market, and wireless networks in North Korea.
One trend noted in recent years is that North Korean smartphone brands appear to have begun offering several versions of a phone with differing specifications. This mirrors the strategy of companies like Apple and Samsung with their flagship products.
These smartphones from North Korea are more than just messaging devices; they act as systems for oversight. Two built-in applications called ‘Red Flag’ and ‘Trace Viewer’ guarantee that the state monitors all device activities. The program Red Flag observes the phone software to stop any illicit changes from happening.
Recent reports say digital payment apps have also been enthusiastically adopted despite their potential for additional surveillance of citizens. One trend noted in recent years is that North Korean smartphone brands appear to have begun offering several versions of a phone with differing specifications.
A glimpse of a North Korean phone with a built-in mosquito repellant. There's also a Google Drive icon that opens a screensaver app. It's hard to confirm these phones' details reliably. Some specifications here are sourced directly from the DPRK state media, so take those with a bucketload of salt.

Lead-acid batteries contain sulfuric acid and only trained and authorized personnel should handle them. When talking about lead-acid batteries, people usually call sulfuric acid “battery acid” or the “electrolyte”. An electrolyte is general term used to describe a non-metallic substance like acids such as sulfuric acid or. . If the eyes are splashed with acid, 1. Use an emergency eyewash/shower station if solution is splashed into the eyes. 1. Immediately flush the contaminated eye(s) with clean, lukewarm,. [pdf]
The charging of lead-acid batteries (e.g., forklift or industrial truck batteries) can be hazardous. The two primary risks are from hydrogen gas formed when the battery is being charged and the sulfuric acid in the battery fluid, also known as the electrolyte.
Lead-acid batteries vent little or no gas while discharging, but explosive mixtures of hydrogen and oxygen can be produced during charging, particularly VLA batteries. Hydrogen gas is colorless, odorless, lighter than air, and highly flammable; oxygen is an oxidizer that can promote a fire or explosion.
Generally, the air levels of these metal hydrides tend to remain well below the current occupational exposure limits during battery charging operations. Overcharging a lead acid battery can also lead to the generation of hydrogen sulfide, which can cause harm to workers if exposed.
A lead-acid battery can emit hydrogen gas during charging. If this gas accumulates in an enclosed space and comes into contact with a spark or flame, it can ignite and cause an explosion. The National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) warns that such incidents can result in serious injuries and property damage.
Explosion risks arise from overcharging or improperly vented batteries. A lead-acid battery can emit hydrogen gas during charging. If this gas accumulates in an enclosed space and comes into contact with a spark or flame, it can ignite and cause an explosion.
Proper training and awareness can prevent accidents and promote a safer environment. What Are the Hazards Associated with Lead Acid Batteries? The hazards associated with lead-acid batteries include chemical exposure, risks of explosion, environmental pollution, and health impacts.

Generally, the negative electrode of a conventional lithium-ion cell is made from . The positive electrode is typically a metal or phosphate. The is a in an . The negative electrode (which is the when the cell is discharging) and the positive electrode (which is the when discharging) are prevented from shorting by a separator. The el. The capacity of lithium battery cells is measured in amp-hours (Ah) or sometimes milliamp-hours (mAh) where 1 Ah = 1,000 mAh. Lithium battery cells can have anywhere from a few mAh to 100 Ah. [pdf]
Lithium ion battery capacity is the utmost quantity of energy the battery can store and discharge as an electric current under specific conditions. The lithium ion battery capacity is usually expressed or measured in ampere-hours (Ah) or milliampere-hours (mAh).
The capacity of a cell is probably the most critical factor, as it determines how much energy is available in the cell. The capacity of lithium battery cells is measured in amp-hours (Ah) or sometimes milliamp-hours (mAh) where 1 Ah = 1,000 mAh. Lithium battery cells can have anywhere from a few mAh to 100 Ah.
Here we will look at the most important lithium ion battery specifications. The capacity of a cell is probably the most critical factor, as it determines how much energy is available in the cell. The capacity of lithium battery cells is measured in amp-hours (Ah) or sometimes milliamp-hours (mAh) where 1 Ah = 1,000 mAh.
Even when they are the same size, different types of lithium-ion batteries can have different capacities. A lithium cobalt oxide (LCO) battery, for example, may have a greater capacity than a lithium iron phosphate (LFP) battery of the same size. The capacity of a battery can also be affected by its design, such as its size and number of cells.
1. Battery Capacity (Ah) Battery capacity is a critical indicator of lithium battery performance, representing the amount of energy the battery can deliver under specific conditions (such as discharge rate, temperature, and cutoff voltage), usually measured in ampere-hours (Ah). For example, a 48V, 100Ah lithium battery has a capacity of:
Occasionally lithium battery cells are marketed with just a C rating and not a maximum current rating. This can make it easier to compare the power level of battery cells of different capacities. As long as you know the capacity of the cell, you can use the C rate to quickly calculate the maximum current rating of the cell.
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